Echoes of Harmony: Embracing Ecotourism for a Sustainable Future in Kerala
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
A picturesque view of Mayyanad in Kollam, showcasing its serene beauty.
यस्तु सर्वाणि भूतानि आत्मन्येवानुपश्यति सर्व भूतेषु चात्मानं ततो न विजुगुप्सते
Īśāvāsya Upanishad
"He who sees all beings in his own Self, and his own Self in all beings, feels no aversion."
This profound verse from the Īśāvāsya Upanishad resonates deeply when we discuss ecotourism. To recognize the divine essence dwelling within all living creatures and to perceive all beings within that Supreme Soul is to inherently cultivate respect and reverence for everything around us – a foundational principle of responsible travel.
The Wounds of Development: A Poet's Lament
We live in an era where the relentless tide of development and the insatiable greed of humankind have inflicted significant damage upon nature. It's poignant to recall two poems by the celebrated Malayalam poet O. N. V. Kurup, written in different epochs.
"Bhumi" (Earth) - A Youthful Ode
In his youthful days of poetry, in the poem "Bhumi" (Earth):
"Seeing the children age, one by one,
Yet, isn't my mother strumming the veena's strings?
A fresh youth upon your sacred form."
Here, the poet extolled the vibrant and enduring beauty of the Earth.
"Bhoomikku Oru Charamageetham" (A Requiem for the Earth) - A Somber Reflection
However, by 1984, he was compelled to pen "Bhoomikku Oru Charamageetham" (A Requiem for the Earth):
"Even now, un-dying Earth,
In your approaching death, peace be to your soul."
The Enthralling Spectacle of Nature
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The stunning sight of Neelakurinji flowers blooming in the Kerala hills.
Nature, in its splendor, offers solace to our eyes, ears, and minds. The myriad hues of flowers, the flowing rivers, the majestic mountains and valleys, the caress of rain and snow, the celestial dance of stars and the full moon, the radiant dawn and twilight sun, the melodies of birds, and the delicate flight of butterflies – all are enchanting spectacles. It was during the nascent stages of losing these very sights to the march of development that O. N. V. wrote "A Requiem for the Earth." Today, however, the situation is alarmingly critical. The exploitation of nature has reached its zenith.
Hills are being flattened, wetlands filled, rivers and backwaters encroached upon, and streams have vanished. The natural beauty of Kerala has, to a significant extent, yielded to concrete jungles. As Rachel Carson eloquently warned in Silent Spring, "Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall. He will end by destroying the earth."
A Glimmer of Hope: Growing Awareness and Untapped Beauty
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The misty and enchanting hills of Ilaveezhapoonchira.
Despite this grim reality, there is a growing awareness among people about the urgent need for nature and environmental conservation. They are recognizing the invaluable worth of the coolness, the gentle touch, and the health bestowed by nature.
Another encouraging aspect is the abundance of breathtakingly beautiful regions that still grace Kerala. Beyond the renowned tourist hotspots like Munnar, Alappuzha (Alleppey), Wayanad, Gavi, Vagamon, and Kumarakom, numerous exquisitely charming villages dot the landscape. These havens of natural splendor are dreamlike hamlets that soothe the soul. In our hectic lives, finding tranquility in serene natural surroundings is undoubtedly beneficial. This is where the significance of ecotourism truly begins to unfold. As John Muir wisely noted, "In every walk with nature one receives far more than he seeks."
Ecotourism: Definition and History
Ecotourism Defined
Ecotourism is defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (The International Ecotourism Society - TIES, 1990). In simpler terms, it's a form of travel that minimizes negative impacts on the environment and local culture while contributing to conservation efforts. It equally emphasizes the enjoyment, learning, and preservation of nature.
The Genesis of Ecotourism
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The vibrant and biodiverse landscape of Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary.
The concepts of ecotourism began to take shape in the late decades of the 20th century. The growing awareness of the environmental and social drawbacks of conventional tourism fueled the rise of this alternative approach.
1970s: Laying the Groundwork
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The tranquil and captivating landscapes of Gavi.
The burgeoning environmental movements and the increasing popularity of the concept of sustainable development laid the groundwork for ecotourism.
1980s: The Term Gains Recognition
The term "ecotourism" first gained global recognition during this decade. Héctor Ceballos-Lascuráin, a Mexican architect and environmentalist, is widely credited with providing its initial definition.
1990s: Structuring the Concept
The establishment of organizations like The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) provided ecotourism with a more concrete structure. The principles and guidelines of ecotourism were developed during this period.
2002: International Year of Ecotourism
The United Nations declared 2002 as the "International Year of Ecotourism," bringing greater attention and recognition to this sector.
Ecotourism Today
Today, ecotourism has evolved into a significant segment of the global tourism industry. It is considered a crucial tool for sustainable development and a means for the economic empowerment of local communities.
The Necessity of Ecotourism in Our Times
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The impressive rock formation of Pandavan Para, a natural wonder in Kerala.
Ecotourism is an urgent necessity in our era, both on a physical and mental level. We live in a time where cities are expanding, and villages are dwindling. As urban life becomes increasingly characterized by congestion, noise pollution, workplace stress, contaminated water, and polluted air, the yearning for a tranquil sanctuary becomes universal. Those suffocating in concrete jungles find far greater solace and enjoyment in the breathtaking vistas of pristine rural landscapes, with their fresh air, than in the artificial entertainment of similar urban structures. As William Wordsworth eloquently captured in "Tintern Abbey," nature offers a "sense sublime / Of something far more deeply interfused."
For the very survival of life on Earth, the planet and its nature must be protected. Based on this growing understanding, certain regulations are in place at ecotourist centers. These are established with the noble intention of preserving these sacred spaces in their original purity. Ultimately, this not only benefits the Earth's well-being but also ensures the preservation of the natural beauty of these regions.
Unlike traditional tourist centers and mechanized entertainment hubs, ecotourist destinations are havens of tranquility. For city dwellers whose ears are weary from the cacophony of crowded cities, vehicles, and industrial areas, ecotourist centers are undoubtedly a welcome retreat. As Henry David Thoreau reflected in Walden, "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived." Ecotourism offers that deliberate connection with the essential beauty of life.
Government Initiatives for Ecotourism Development in Kerala
The Tourism Department and the Forest Department of Kerala have been implementing numerous projects to promote ecotourism. Recently, the government decided to establish an Ecotourism Directorate, which will operate under the Forest Department. Currently, there are 60 recognized ecotourist centers in Kerala. Steps are being taken at the government level to identify and protect more such centers.
The decision has also been made to conduct activities focused on expanding the collection and marketing of forest resources through the Ecotourism Directorate.
Key Ecotourism Destinations in Kerala
Kerala boasts numerous government-protected ecotourism centers. Some of the most significant ones are listed below:
Thiruvananthapuram District:
* Ponmudi
* Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
* Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
* Kallar
* Mankayam
* Kottoor
Kollam District:
* Thenmala Ecotourism (part of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary)
* Palaruvi Waterfalls
* Kulathupuzha
* Manalar - Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls
Pathanamthitta District:
* Gavi Ecotourism
* Adavi Ecotourism (Konni)
Idukki District:
* Thekkady (part of Periyar National Park)
* Munnar (including Eravikulam National Park, Anayirangal, Mattupetty, etc.)
* Vagamon
Palakkad District:
* Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary
* Silent Valley National Park
* Nelliampathi
Wayanad District:
* Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
* Banasura Sagar Dam vicinity
* Chembra Peak
Other Districts:
* Thrissur: Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary
* Ernakulam: Koottambuzha
* Kannur: Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
* Kasaragod: Ranipuram
Beyond these, Kerala is home to many other smaller yet equally significant ecotourism sites. The Kerala Forest Department, the Kerala Tourism Department, and the Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) are the primary government agencies responsible for the protection and management of these centers.
The objective of these centers is to promote responsible tourism, considering the biodiversity, natural beauty, and historical significance of each region.
The Significance of Ecotourism
Tourism Should Be a Textbook which teaches new lessons in our life.
Behind every vision lies unseen stories. The aim of tourism should not be limited to merely enjoying the aesthetic beauty of a place. It should also be viewed as an opportunity to gain knowledge. The lifestyles, cultures, cuisines, clothing, customs, rituals, and art forms across India's 29 states are incredibly diverse. Most states even have their own unique languages. For those traveling from different states and countries, tourism should be a platform to learn about the local culture. A journey becomes truly meaningful when one strives to understand the livelihoods, customs, and food of the people. As Rudyard Kipling aptly wrote in The Jungle Book, "The strength of the Pack is the Wolf, and the strength of the Wolf is the Pack." Similarly, understanding the strength and intricacies of a community enriches the travel experience.
Ecotourism, which emphasizes travel that protects nature and the environment, contributes significantly to sustainable development, going beyond mere recreation. Let's examine how:
Nature Conservation:
Ecotourism prioritizes the protection of nature and biodiversity. Tourism activities are planned and implemented in a way that minimizes harm to the environment. It helps in conserving ecologically significant areas such as forests, wildlife sanctuaries, and wetlands, and in raising public awareness about their importance.
Economic Empowerment of Local Communities:
Ecotourism opens up new avenues of income for local communities. Through initiatives like homestays, guiding services, handicraft production, and local eateries associated with tourism, they can achieve economic betterment.
Environmental Awareness:
Ecotourism fosters environmental awareness among both travelers and local populations. Directly experiencing the beauty of nature and participating in conservation efforts cultivates a love and sense of responsibility towards the environment.
Sustainable Development:
Ecotourism plays a vital role in sustainable development. It aims for tourism development that does not harm nature and culture, benefiting future generations as well.
Preservation of Cultures:
Along with prioritizing nature, ecotourism also helps in preserving local cultures and heritage. It provides opportunities to closely understand and respect the lifestyles, art forms, and traditions of indigenous people.
In essence, ecotourism is a sustainable way of travel that harmonizes nature and humanity. It equally aids in environmental protection and the upliftment of local communities. By promoting responsible tourism, we can safeguard our nature and culture for future generations.
Challenges Faced by Ecotourism in Kerala
Kerala, renowned as "God's Own Country" for its breathtaking natural beauty and biodiversity, holds a significant position for ecotourism in its tourism sector. However, this sector faces several challenges.
The most prominent challenge is the uncontrolled increase in the number of tourists. To understand the implications of this, the recent recognition of Kollankode village as one of India's most beautiful villages serves as an excellent example of the impending crisis. The charm of this village lies in its unique topography, beautiful paddy fields, palmyra trees, sacred grove, waterfall, and local tea shops. However, the road infrastructure and other physical facilities here are very limited compared to the influx of tourists. Enhancing these facilities could potentially erode the inherent beauty of the region. As Edward Abbey cautioned in Desert Solitaire, "Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell."
Image Credit: Department of Tourism, Govt of Kerala
The tranquil and captivating landscapes of Gavi.
Exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment leads to the degradation of natural habitats in forest areas. The accumulation of waste, obstruction of wildlife corridors, and pollution of water sources pose significant threats.
Another major challenge faced by ecotourism is unscientific construction activities. Encroaching upon forest land for tourism facilities and constructing buildings in violation of regulations cause ecological damage, leading to landslides, floods, and biodiversity loss.
The lack of participation from local communities is the third challenge. Often, the opinions of local residents are not given due importance during the planning and implementation of tourism projects. This can adversely affect their livelihoods and culture. Active participation of local communities is essential for sustainable ecotourism development.
The fourth challenge is the lack of awareness about eco-friendly travel practices and waste management. Many tourists lack sufficient understanding of the importance of environmental protection. This results in littering plastic and other waste in forest areas and engaging in activities that harm nature.
The fifth challenge is the ineffective implementation of laws and regulations. It is crucial to ensure strict adherence to the existing laws and guidelines in the ecotourism sector. Strengthening the monitoring mechanisms for this purpose is essential.
Overcoming these challenges and developing sustainable ecotourism is vital for the protection of Kerala's nature and culture. By promoting responsible tourism, ensuring the participation of local communities, adopting eco-friendly practices, and strictly enforcing regulations, the ecotourism sector in Kerala can be further enhanced.